It is an ethnically based self-report scale, which has three versions: Caucasian, African-American, and Hispanic [54, 55]. FACES pain rating tool b. Evaluation of the child with joint pain and/or swelling. In 1981, shortly after completing graduate school, Connie. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. Which of the following. Numerical rating scale (NRS) or VAS: a. The numerical scale: Measures pain on a scale of 1–10. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) 1 (ages 7-adult) X : OUCHER 2,3 (ages 3-12) X : Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale 4 (ages 4-18) X : Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) 5 (ages. AI Quiz. The Oucher scale may be particularly useful for children older than 7 years and for studies that are restricted to certain ethnic groups, the study authors write. Das Instrument umfasst jeweils sechs Gesichterfotos von einem schmerzfreien Gesichtsausdruck („kein. There are 4-point 15 to 15-point scales, 16 which includeOucher scale . 10. 오늘은 소아 진정/수면 마취 시 '소아 모니터링'과 진정 점수(Ramsay sedation scale, MOAA/S scale)과 통증 점수(FLACC scale, oucher scale, VAS)를 알아보았다. FLACC tool, 2. Twenty-two effect sizes (ESs) were initially combined across 12 studies using a fixed-effect model to obtain the summary estimate of ES on pain ratings (9 for the child–parent dyad, 8 for the child–nurse dyad, and 5 for the. Answers may vary. The results indicate that behavioural assessment scales have been used flexibly to assess pain in a wide variety of situations, across different pediatric populations and for patients of different ages, and there appears to be no basis for designating the scales as measures of distress versus pain. The Oucher Scale also contains 6 pictures of different pain levels, and the scale has the advantage of being available in different ethnic versions, such as examples for white, black, and Hispanic children. Poster Oucher terdapat gambar yang dapat ditunjuk atau dipilih anak yang menggambarkan keadaan nyeri yang mereka alami. The FACES pain-rating scale can be used to assess pain for children 3 years of age and older. Data analysis was performed using chi-squared test and t-test. Would it be better to use the Oucher scale, a self report measure, or CHEOPS, a behavioural pain. We suggest that, in critically ill pediatric patients 6 yrs old and older who are capable of communicating, pain assessment via self-report be routinely performed using the Visual Analog Scale, Numeric Rating Scale, Oucher Scale, or Wong-Baker Faces pain scale. A pain scale measures a patient 's pain intensity or other features. Ketorolac is reducing postoperative pain significantly than metamizole in children undergoing to Adeno-tonsillectomy, resulting in a higher degree of pain relief measured on the Oucher scale. The Oucher and Wong/Baker Rating Scales are pediatric scales. The Oucher consists of a laminated poster, comprising six colour photographs and a vertical, numerical scale. Oucher scale d. Bieri Scale. Pain is often assessed on an 11-point NRS from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable). Significant correlations were found between the two. Because the original large-sized posters were unwieldy for use by nurses with children in clinical. Agreement between the two scales in this study was also good, though there was systematic bias at higher scores, with the DEGR over-reading compared with the Oucher. Which of the following pain scales should the nurse use? a. FACES pain rating tool b. Numeric scale c. The OUCHER Scale — It was developed by Beyer in 1980 . The FACES scale is most common for children ages 3 and older. Scores are interpreted as follows: 0: Relaxed and comfortable. The FACES pain-rating scale can be used to assess pain for children 3 years of age and older. a Complaints of a sore back b Asymmetry of the shoulders c An uneven hemline d from NURS 5342 at Chamberlain College of NursingThe CAS and the FPS exhibit construct, content, and convergent validity in the measurement of acute pain in children in the emergency department (ED). Since the purpose of a pain scale is to decide on analgesic therapy, a pain scale should measure the symptom that can be treated using analgesics. 2017;93(s1):2---18 REVIEW ARTICLE Sedation and analgesia for procedures in the pediatric emergency room, Carlos Eduardo Ramalhoa,b, Pedro Messeder Caldeira. The FLACC (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability) tool should be used with a 2-year-old child. The postoperative Oucher scale (1. The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self-report pain ratingHealth Assessment Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. The Oucher scale uses photographs of real children in pain or discomfort. Despite the magnitude of effects that pain can have on a child, it is often inadequately assessed and treated. Self-report measures are not sufficiently valid for children younger than 3 years of age because many children are not able to self-report their pain accurately. FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. 1016/J. Numeric scale c. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. FLACC tool, 2. FACES pain rating tool b. B The Checklist for Nonverbal Pain Indicators is for nonverbal adults. Oucher scale was used to measure pain intensity. Axillary temperature 38 C (100 F) C. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. In addition, several issues regarding the continued development and use of the Oucher are identified, including those. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A nurse is completing a pain assessment of an infant. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. g. The FPS-R contains six faces, ranging from a neutral. 01). -5. FLACC tool; ANS: D. -Escala de tasación de caras de Dolor (Faces Pain Rating Scale, Wong y Baker. Numeric scale c. distraction, relaxation, and guided imagery to help decrease pain perception. PTS 1 DIF Cognitive Level Application REF 833 OBJ Nursing Process Assessment MSC from NUR 2058 at Harvard UniversityStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. Children, who are able to count to 100 by ones or tens and who understand e. A 0 to 10 numerical rating scale was recommended for measuring pain intensity, and a 6-item Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) short form for measuring pain. The gender distribution was 31. FLACC tool ANS: D A behavioral pain tool should be used when the child is preverbal or doesn't have the language skills to express pain. Oucher scale 2. 12 terms · Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) → What pain assessment tools is…, 1. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. Construct validity was supported for both the scales. 36 One scale has a series of 6 photographs of a child in varying degrees of distress and is to be used for. Oucher scale d. The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old girl who had surgery 12 hours. Oucher scale d. revised FLACC scale. FLACC tool ANS: D A behavioral pain tool should be used when the child is preverbal or does not have the language skills to express pain. Save. 65 (SD 1. Fig 1. -nurse can use different pain scales such as: visual analog, numerical pain scale, FLACC, FACES, oucher. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. Oucher pain rating scale The Oucher scale is a self-report scale appropriate for ages 3 to 13. 5 In general, self-report methods are useful in children at least five to six years old. FACES pain-rating scale. The FLACC (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability) tool should be used with a 2-year-old child. Faces pain relating scale → What pain assessment tools do…, 1. ANS: D. FLACC C. pmn. 2 Excerpts; Save. Download. Conclusions: The study findings indicated that the FACES and African-American Oucher Scales are valid and reliable tools for measuring pain in children. 001) and 10 min (P = 0. ibuprofen D. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. 0 ± 0. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. Exemptions from the Minimum Rent Requirement11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) There are several different scales that can be used to assess for pain severity. g. FLACC Behavioral Pain Assessment Scale The FLACC scale is an appropriate tool for infants and young children who cannot report pain. 2005 Mar;6 (1):10-7. Non-Communicating Children's Pain Checklist, A nurse is planning care for a child following a surgical procedure. b. 2 It is used as a measure of pain intensity. The Oucher scale consists of six photographs of child's face representing “no hurt” to “biggest hurt” you could ever have, indicates a vertical scale with numbers from 0 to 100. The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. The background and conceptual framework for its development, the research supporting the validation of the original Oucher, the research to create new ethnic versions, and the basic instructions for clinical use are described. This is the first article written by this group of authors/researchers who are collaborating on the development of the Oucher, an assessment tool to assist 3- to 12-year-olds describe. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. These employ drawings or pictures of facial expressions of pain which each correspond to a number value . In this study, the numerical scale was used because all of. 35, df = 2, NS); for the preschool-age period. FACES B. The Oucher scale is unique in the fact that it is available showing a child of a different sex and race to allow the patient to relate to the images more easily (Beyer, Villarruel & Denyes, 2009). Oucher was the most preferred scale by the children and had a uniformly increasing relationship with FPS and VRS, which has implications for research on pain management using Oucher, which was a reliable and preferred scale in children. FACES pain rating tool b. Oucher scale d. Oucher dapat digunakan untuk anak usia 3-13 tahun Nonverbal measures include facial expression scales, visual analog scales (VASs), and drawings. Numeric scale c. While gathering a history, the school-age child reports migraines every 2 or 3 months for the last year. FLACC tool B. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. He cries and rolls his head from side to side a lot. Pain is the first general cause of consultation in most medical specialties, being also the most frequent cause of suffering and disability that. Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Numeric scale c. With this specialization, children can select or report a. Numeric scale c. The scale from 0 to 100 is placed alongside six photographs of children in various levels of discomfort; children in the report were asked to use the pictures as an aid for. Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damageJ Pediatr (Rio J). ANS: C, D The Oucher tool can be used to assess pain in children 3 to 12 years of age. FACES pain rating tool b. • Twenty-eight nurses who. Either the Oucher scale or the faces pain scale is suitable for prehospital care providers to assess pain in children. Spread the cream over the lateral surface of both forearms. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. FLACC tool, 2. PURPOSE To compare the validity, reliability, and preference of pain intensity measurement tools--the African-American Oucher Scale, the Wong-Baker FACES Scale, and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS)--in 100. and relationships between the Oucher. Doc Preview. 05 and test power of 0. NURS MISC. Apply the medication an hour before the procedure beings. The FLACC (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability) tool should be used with a 2-year-old child. Pain measurements help determine the severity, type, and duration of the. FACES pain rating tool c. The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. The Oucher scale has adequate psychometric properties in validity and reliability and can also be presented using photographed faces that match various ethnic and racial groups. Oucher scale d. Color Tool. Numeric scale d. Skala nyeri oucher adalah alat untuk mengukur intensitas nyeri pada anak. FLACC Behavioral Pain Assessment Scale The FLACC scale is an appropriate tool for infants and young children who cannot report pain. Numeric pain scale. For example, females are not represented, as well as other cultures. Numeric scale c. A 6-year-old is hospitalized with a fractured femur. Like the CRIES scale, this set of variables is scored on a scale of 0 – 2. 57. The Oucher scale is for children ages 3 to 13. The faces scales—including the Wong-Baker, Oucher, and faces pain scale-revised (FPS-R)—are the most commonly used and accepted forms of pain assessment in children between 4 and 12 years of age. , 2008; Connelly &Scores on the Oucher Scale, Analogue Chromatic Continuous Scale, and Child Medical Fear Scale were obtained after being administered concurrently on one occasion, either before or after surgery. These 4 scales were included in the review. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. Numeric scale c. 7) was lower than the preoperative Oucher scale (5. Was this document helpful? 42 0. The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self-report pain rating tools. The OUCHER Pain Scale is the most common self-reported measure for pain severity in children and was designed in 1984 by Beyer for pain severity assessment in children 3–12 years old [37]. Numeric scale c. The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. , in search results, to enrich docs, and more. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like When performing a pain assessment on a 2-month-old infant, which of the following pain scales is the most appropriate to use? A. 95 Test-retest reliability = 78% of children reported scores within ± one level after 15 min. The Wong-Baker FACES Pain rating scale C. The. Clinical use of topical anesthetics in children. 49–2), the CHEOP scale (Children's Hospital Eastern Ontario Pain Scale) (Table 49–1), and the Oucher Scale (Fig. FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old girl. See Page 1Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. Pain management Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. FLACC tool, 2. The Poker Chip Tool can also be used with 3 year olds , where patients are given poker chips representing pieces of pain and asked to give the nurse how many. Oucher scale d. NGISCOMBE. Pain scales are a common communication tool in medical contexts, and are used in a variety of medical settings. 8 years, SD =1. Oucher pain scale: Description: A self-report pain assessment tool for children aged 3 to 12. The visual analog scale: Categorizes pain along a horizontal line, ranging from mild to severe. The study findings indicated that the FACES and African-American Oucher Scales are valid and reliable tools for measuring pain in children. The study findings indicated that the FACES and African-American Oucher Scales are valid and reliable tools for measuring pain in children. Numeric scale c. Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. A) FACES pain rating scale B) Oucher pain rating scale C) Poker chip tool D) Numeric pain intensity scale D The nurse uses the FLACC behavioral scale to assess a 6-year-old's level of postoperative pain and obtains a score of 9. PTS 1 DIF Cognitive Level Application REF 840 OBJ Nursing Process Assessment MSC from LPN MISC at Arkansas State University, BeebeStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. There are two scales on the OUCHER: a number scale for older children and a picture scale for younger children. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Oucher scale d. Oucher scale d. The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self-report pain rating tools. PTS 1 DIF Cognitive Level Application REF 833 OBJ Nursing Process Assessment MSC from NUR 1172 at University of the Fraser ValleyThe subjective response was measured based on a 100 point scale (Oucher scale) with a minimum of 0 points (meaning no pain), with a significance level of 0. Scores on the Oucher Scale, Analogue Chromatic Continuous Scale, and Child Medical Fear Scale were obtained after being administere. Severe pain is a common presenting symptom for emergency patients. AI Quiz. 2005. FLACC tool, 2. ANS: C, D The Oucher tool can be used to assess pain in children 3 to 12 years of age. The FLACC pain scale is a behavioral observation tool, appropriate for use in a nonverbal patient from ages 3 months to 7 years. e. Oucher scale d. Would it be better to use the Oucher scale, a self report measure, or CHEOPS, a behavioural pain measure, as at this age using either seems equally valid. The FACES pain-rating scale can be used to assess pain for children 3 years of age and older. The Oucher Scale assesses pain intensity in children aged 3 to 12 years and includes two separate scales (Aradine, Beyer, & Tompkins, 1988). FACES pain rating tool b. The OUCHER Pain Scale consists of 6 images showing children faces representing a variety of pain intensities, which are convertible to scores of. C. Nonpharmacologic strategies for. The CRIES Scale is for infants. Most children preferred using the FACES Scale (56%) versus the Oucher (26%) and VAS (18%). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. Numeric scale c. Oxygen Saturation, Respiratory Pattern and Rate, Skin Color, Skin Turgor. 2004. Oucher scale d. Non-Communicating Children's Pain Checklist, A nurse is planning care for a child following a surgical procedure. The OUCHER is a poster developed for children to help them communicate how much pain or hurt they feel. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A nurse is caring for a group of clients on the pediatric unit. 5. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. The nurse knows that physiologic changes associated with pain in the neonate include a. Numeric scale c. metaDescription}}The child’s perception of pain at the IV insertion site was measured with the Oucher (Aradine et al. Lower mean pain scores at four hourly intervals after medication supported the construct validity of the Oucher, an instrument designed to assess children’s perceptions of the intensity of their pain. The median Oucher scale score and interquartile range were lower in the S-Caine Patch™ group (0 and 0–35, respectively) compared with the placebo group (60 and 20–80, respectively) ( P < 0. Save Share. Kyle, age 6 months, is brought to the clinic. Fourteen faces pain scales were identified, of which 4 have undergone extensive psychometric testing: Faces Pain Scale (FPS) (scored 0–6); Faces Pain Scale–Revised (FPS-R) (0–10); Oucher pain scale (0–10); and Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBFPRS) (0–10). 0 to 1 based on nurse Except cry (0 to 2) Pain is higher with a higher score, Higher the score the higher the pain 0 to 2 score 2 months to 7 years old. }, author={Chao Hsing Yeh}, journal={The. The OUCHER Pain Scale is the most common self-reported measure for pain severity in children and was designed in 1984 by Beyer for pain severity assessment in. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. s18 No abstract available MeSH terms Child, Preschool Facial Expression* Female Humans Infant Male Pain / diagnosis* Pain /. The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. This a self-reported scale measuring the intensity of pain of children between 3 and 12 years of age and is composed of 2 distinct scales. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. When pain is assessed in an infant, it is inappropriate to assess for a. 001. • Twenty-eight nurses who administered the scales and the parents of 45 children who had observed their children use the scales, commented on the usefulness of the scales in assessment of pain. minimum of 0 points (meaning no pain), with a signif icance. -4. If the numerical (0 - 10) scale is used , after being asked to grade his or her pain in a 0 (no pain) to 10 (maximum pain) range, the number named by the child. Possible drawbacks include response variability and moderate correlation with. Numeric scale c. His parent says, I think he hurts. It can be used by parents, nurses, teachers,. , that 71 is larger than 43, can use the numerical sclae. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. Results. FACES pain rating tool b. Oucher scale d. Once practitioners clearly understood the child’s pain, they could develop a quality treatment and support plan. Responsiveness of scores to the pain associated with painful procedures was highest for the FLACC scale with an average increase of 5. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. Visual Analogue Scale. Expand. FLACC B. Oucher scale d. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. Even though it covers a wide array of patients, it still has limits. 5,17,18,24,25,27,29,30 Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old girl. FLACC c. Localization of pain c. OUCHER Scale of Beyer and Wells is represented in Figure 3. DOI: 10. Restrain the child's arms C. 95 Test-retest reliability = 78% of children reported. Oucher scale d. Oucher scale D. Oucher D. FLACC scale D. Oucher pain scale: Description: A self-report pain assessment tool for children aged 3 to 12. Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS) Adult Non-Verbal Pain Scale (NVPS) Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Scale (PAINAD) Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS) Critical-Care Observation Tool (CPOT) Pediatrics. FLACC C. Numeric scale c. Facial expressions of pain b. 2004. ANS: D A behavioral pain tool should be used when the child is preverbal or doesn't have the language skills to express pain. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. PTS 1 DIF Cognitive Level Application REF 840 OBJ Nursing Process Assessment MSC from NURSING 330 at Dominican CollegeStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. The FLACC (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability) tool should be used with a 2-year-old child. 62–. 11. Children, who are able to count to 100 by ones or tens and who understand e. FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old girl. These faces were all illustrated or captured in an effort to create a graphic pain scale for pediatric patients. In the S-Caine Patch™ group, 68% of patients had scores of 0–10, whereas only 20% of the placebo group had Oucher. The OUCHER Pain Scale consists of 6 images showing children faces representing a variety of pain intensities, which are convertible to scores of. Intensity or severity (Use analog scale to quantify) Factors that increase or relieve pain (positioning, movement) Goals for pain control (The patient’s preferred assessment tool. {{configCtrl2. Duration d. The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self-report pain rating tools. The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self-report pain rating tools. In addition, several issues regarding the continued development and use of the Oucher are identified, including those relative to poster size and the gender and ethnicity of the photographed child. variable finding points Facial expression --Relaxed (restful face,neutral expression) -Grimace (tight facial muscle,furrowed brow,chin,jaw) 0-1 cry -No cry (quiet,not crying)Oucher pain rating scale The Oucher scale is a self-report scale appropriate for ages 3 to 13. It has been particularly well investigated, but unlike some other scales it requires the purchase and possible sterilization of a plastic tool. Clinical scales adapted to age are the most used methods for assessing and monitoring the degree of pain in children. Among the entire sample and each age group, the FACES scale was the most preferred scale. Non-communicating children's pain checklist, A nurse is planning care for a. Physiologic measurements in children's pain assessment are: a. Oucher Scale ((A – 7) – This scale is a vertical photographic scale containing 6 pictures ofa child whose expressions suggest various intensities of pain. Numeric scale c. Oucher d. Photographs of the face of a child in pain were selected as the direct cue for 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 --. NURS. The median pain scores on the FPS, NPS, and FACES were 4 (1,9), 4 (1,8), and 4 (2,8). Patients report their pain level rated on a scale of 0 to. neuropathic 3. Attempt to stop the seizure B. Some documents on Studocu are Premium. METHODS A prospective study. Oucher scale d. ; PMID: 12025292 DOI: 10. The nurse is. FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old girl. 22, 23 Its metric is consistent with other visual analog scale pain measures. Average pain intensity in local cold therapy, distraction, and control groups was 26. The Oucher Scale is based on the stages of cognitive development and attempts to incorporate how children perceive and communicate their pain experience at different ages (Beyer 1994). CHAPTER 5 A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. Numeric scale c. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. Oucher was the most preferred scale by the children and had a uniformly increasing relationship with FPS and VRS, which has implications for research on pain management using Oucher, which was a reliable and preferred scale in children. Numeric scale c. Oucher Scale (Sumber : Oucher. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. Postoperative pain score The Oucher pain scale, with 3 existing versions (Caucasian, African American, or Hispanic), includes 2 separate scales, a 0 to 100 numeric scale 4 and a photographic scale with 6 pictures of one child. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Stage of preschooler, Preschoolers Coping Mechanisms, Assessment with preschooler and more. Face, legs, activity, cry, consolability (FLACC) 2. Because the original large-sized posters were. Oucher scale d. 05, Table 1). The Oucher (Beyer, 1984) Self-report photograph scale for pain intensity. 4. which scale used to measure pain for infants or post brain injury. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for. The FLACC (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability) tool should be used with a 2-year-old child. Twenty-two effect sizes (ESs) were initially combined across 12 studies using a fixed-effect model to obtain the summary estimate of ES on pain ratings (9 for the child–parent dyad, 8 for the child–nurse dyad, and 5 for the. assess pain and distress in critically ill pediatric patients on : 6 behavioral & 2 physiologic factors. acute 4. The VAS is indicated for use with older school-age children and adolescents. FACES scaleMY ANSWERThe nurse should not use the.